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GNU replacement for the Bourne beat out

Bash
Gnu-bash-logo.svg
Bash screenshot.png

Screenshot of a Bash session
Original writer(s) Brian Play a trick on
Developer(south) Chet Ramey[one] [2]
Initial release June 8, 1989; 32 years agone  (1989-06-08)
Stable release

5.1.16[3]Edit this on Wikidata / 5 Jan 2022
Preview release

v.2-alpha[four]Edit this on Wikidata / xx January 2022
Repository
  • git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git Edit this at Wikidata
Written in C
Operating organisation
  • Unix-like[5]
  • macOS (GPL-two.0-or-later on; GPL-3.0-or-later available through third parties)
  • Windows (GPL-three.0-or-later)[half dozen] [7]
Platform GNU
Available in Multilingual (gettext)
Type Unix shell, command linguistic communication
License Since 4.0: GPL-iii.0-or-later[8]
1.eleven? to 3.2: GPL-ii.0-or-later[ix]
0.99? to 1.05?: GPL-1.0-or-afterward[ten] [xi] [12]
Website world wide web.gnu.org/software/bash/

Bash is a Unix shell and command language written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a gratis software replacement for the Bourne shell.[13] [14] Beginning released in 1989,[xv] it has been used as the default login shell for most Linux distributions.[xvi] A version is as well available for Windows 10 via the Windows Subsystem for Linux.[17] It is as well the default user shell in Solaris 11.[18] Bash was also the default shell in all versions of Apple macOS prior to the 2019 release of macOS Catalina, which changed the default shell to zsh, although Bash remains available as an alternative shell.[19]

Bash is a command processor that typically runs in a text window where the user types commands that cause actions. Bash can also read and execute commands from a file, called a shell script. Like most Unix shells, information technology supports filename globbing (wildcard matching), piping, here documents, control substitution, variables, and control structures for status-testing and iteration. The keywords, syntax, dynamically scoped variables and other basic features of the language are all copied from sh. Other features, due east.g., history, are copied from csh and ksh. Bash is a POSIX-compliant shell, just with a number of extensions.

The shell'south proper noun is an acronym for Bourne Again Crush, a pun on the proper name of the Bourne shell that it replaces[xx] and the notion of existence "born again".[21] [22]

A security hole in Bash dating from version 1.03 (August 1989),[23] dubbed Shellshock, was discovered in early on September 2014 and quickly led to a range of attacks across the Internet.[24] [25] [26] Patches to set the bugs were fabricated available soon after the bugs were identified.

History [edit]

Brian Fox began coding Bash on January ten, 1988,[27] after Richard Stallman became dissatisfied with the lack of progress beingness made by a prior programmer.[13] Stallman and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) considered a free shell that could run existing shell scripts so strategic to a completely free system built from BSD and GNU lawmaking that this was ane of the few projects they funded themselves, with Fox undertaking the work as an employee of FSF.[13] [28] Fox released Bash as a beta, version .99, on June 8, 1989,[15] and remained the main maintainer until old between mid-1992[29] and mid-1994,[xxx] when he was laid off from FSF[31] and his responsibility was transitioned to another early contributor, Chet Ramey.[32] [33] [34]

Since and so, Fustigate has become by far the most popular beat among users of Linux, becoming the default interactive beat on that operating system'southward diverse distributions[35] [36] (although Almquist shell may be the default scripting shell) and on Apple'southward macOS releases before Catalina in October 2019.[37] [38] [16] Bash has also been ported to Microsoft Windows and distributed with Cygwin and MinGW, to DOS by the DJGPP project, to Novell NetWare, to OpenVMS by the GNV projection,[39] to ArcaOS,[forty] and to Android via various terminal emulation applications.

In September 2014, Stéphane Chazelas, a Unix/Linux specialist,[41] discovered a security bug in the program. The bug, offset disclosed on September 24, was named Shellshock and assigned the numbers CVE-2014-6271, CVE-2014-6277 and CVE-2014-7169. The bug was regarded as astringent, since CGI scripts using Bash could exist vulnerable, enabling arbitrary code execution. The issues was related to how Bash passes office definitions to subshells through environment variables.[42]

Features [edit]

The Fustigate control syntax is a superset of the Bourne crush command syntax. Bash supports caryatid expansion, command line completion (Programmable Completion),[43] bones debugging[44] and signal handling (using trap) since bash 2.05a[45] amid other features. Bash can execute the vast majority of Bourne shell scripts without modification, with the exception of Bourne shell scripts stumbling into fringe syntax beliefs interpreted differently in Bash or attempting to run a system command matching a newer Fustigate builtin, etc. Bash command syntax includes ideas fatigued from the KornShell (ksh) and the C shell (csh) such every bit control line editing, control history (history command),[46] the directory stack, the $RANDOM and $PPID variables, and POSIX command exchange syntax $(…).

When a user presses the tab fundamental inside an interactive control-beat out, Bash automatically uses command line completion, since beta version 2.04,[47] to match partly typed program names, filenames and variable names. The Bash command-line completion system is very flexible and customizable, and is often packaged with functions that complete arguments and filenames for specific programs and tasks.

Fustigate's syntax has many extensions lacking in the Bourne vanquish. Fustigate can perform integer calculations ("arithmetics evaluation") without spawning external processes. It uses the ((…)) command and the $((…)) variable syntax for this purpose. Its syntax simplifies I/O redirection. For example, it tin redirect standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr) at the aforementioned time using the &> operator. This is simpler to blazon than the Bourne trounce equivalent 'control > file two>&1'. Bash supports process substitution using the <(control) and >(command)syntax, which substitutes the output of (or input to) a control where a filename is normally used. (This is implemented through /proc/fd/ unnamed pipes on systems that support that, or via temporary named pipes where necessary).

When using the 'function' keyword, Bash function declarations are not uniform with Bourne/Korn/POSIX scripts (the KornShell has the aforementioned problem when using 'part'), but Bash accepts the same function declaration syntax equally the Bourne and Korn shells, and is POSIX-conformant. Because of these and other differences, Bash shell scripts are rarely runnable nether the Bourne or Korn trounce interpreters unless deliberately written with that compatibility in mind, which is becoming less mutual as Linux becomes more widespread. But in POSIX manner, Bash conforms with POSIX more than closely.[48]

Bash supports hither documents. Since version two.05b Bash can redirect standard input (stdin) from a "hither cord" using the <<< operator.

Bash 3.0 supports in-process regular expression matching using a syntax reminiscent of Perl.[49]

In February 2009,[50] Fustigate 4.0 introduced support for associative arrays.[11] Associative array indices are strings, in a manner similar to AWK or Tcl.[51] They tin can be used to emulate multidimensional arrays. Bash 4 too switches its license to GPL-3.0-or-later; some users suspect this licensing change is why MacOS continues to use older versions.[52] Apple tree finally stopped using Bash in their operating systems with the release of MacOS Catalina in 2019.[xix]

Brace expansion [edit]

Brace expansion, likewise called alternation, is a feature copied from the C shell. It generates a ready of alternative combinations. Generated results need non exist as files. The results of each expanded cord are not sorted and left to right order is preserved: 

                        $                        echo            a{p,c,d,b}e            ape ace ade abe            $                        repeat            {a,b,c}{d,e,f}            ad ae af bd exist bf cd ce cf

Users should not use brace expansions in portable shell scripts, because the Bourne shell does not produce the same output. 

                        $                        # A traditional shell does non produce the same output            $            /bin/sh -c            'echo a{p,c,d,b}e'            a{p,c,d,b}eastward

When brace expansion is combined with wildcards, the braces are expanded first, so the resulting wildcards are substituted commonly. Hence, a listing of JPEG and PNG images in the electric current directory could be obtained using: 

            ls *.{jpg,jpeg,png}            # expands to *.jpg *.jpeg *.png - after which,            # the wildcards are processed            echo            *.{png,jp{eastward,}g}            # echo just prove the expansions -            # and braces in braces are possible.

In addition to alternation, caryatid expansion tin be used for sequential ranges betwixt 2 integers or characters separated past double dots. Newer versions of Bash permit a third integer to specify the increment. 

                        $                        echo            {            1..ten}            1 ii 3 4 5 6 7 8 nine 10            $                        echo            file{            i..four}.txt            file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file4.txt            $                        echo            {a..due east}            a b c d e            $                        echo            {            1..10..3}            1 iv 7 10            $                        echo            {a..j..3}            a d g j

When caryatid expansion is combined with variable expansion (A.K.A. parameter expansion and parameter exchange) the variable expansion is performed afterward the caryatid expansion, which in some cases may necessitate the use of the eval built-in, thus: 

                        $                        offset            =            1            ;            end            =            x            $                        repeat            {            $start..$cease            }            # fails to expand due to the evaluation gild            {1..ten}            $                        eval            echo            {            $start..$terminate            }            # variable expansion occurs and so resulting string is evaluated            one 2 three 4 5 six seven 8 nine 10

Startup scripts [edit]

When Bash starts, it executes the commands in a variety of dot files. Dissimilar Bash shell scripts, dot files do not typically take execute permission enabled nor an interpreter directive like #!/bin/bash.

Legacy-compatible Bash startup example [edit]

The skeleton ~/.bash_profile below is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics similar to csh for the ~/.bashrc and ~/.bash_login. The [ -r filename ] && cmd is a brusque-excursion evaluation that tests if filename exists and is readable, skipping the office after the && if it is not. 

                        [            -r ~/.contour            ]            &&            . ~/.profile            # set up environment, once, Bourne-sh syntax only            if            [            -n            "            $PS1            "            ]            ;            then            # are we interactive?            [            -r ~/.bashrc            ]            &&            . ~/.bashrc            # tty/prompt/function setup for interactive shells            [            -r ~/.bash_login            ]            &&            . ~/.bash_login            # any at-login tasks for login shell only            fi            # End of "if" block

Operating system issues in Bash startup [edit]

Some versions of Unix and Linux contain Fustigate system startup scripts, mostly under the /etc directories. Bash calls these as role of its standard initialization, merely other startup files can read them in a different order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also have bug, as well as the skeleton files the system provides to new user accounts upon setup. The startup scripts that launch the X window organisation may too exercise surprising things with the user's Bash startup scripts in an attempt to prepare upwards user-environs variables earlier launching the window manager. These issues tin often be addressed using a ~/.xsession or ~/.xprofile file to read the ~/.profile — which provides the surroundings variables that Bash shell windows spawned from the window managing director demand, such every bit xterm or Gnome Terminal.

Portability [edit]

Invoking Bash with the --posix option or stating set -o posix in a script causes Bash to conform very closely to the POSIX 1003.2 standard.[53] Bash vanquish scripts intended for portability should take into account at to the lowest degree the POSIX crush standard. Some bash features not found in POSIX are:[53] [54]

  • Certain extended invocation options
  • Brace expansion
  • Arrays and associative arrays
  • The double subclass [[ ... ]] extended test construct and its regex matching
  • The double-parentheses arithmetic-evaluation construct (just (( ... )); $(( ... )) is POSIX)
  • Certain cord-manipulation operations in parameter expansion
  • local for scoped variables
  • Process commutation
  • Bash-specific builtins
  • Coprocesses
  • $EPOCHSECONDS and $EPOCHREALTIME variables [55]

If a piece of code uses such a feature, it is called a "bashism" – a problem for portable utilize. Debian'south checkbashisms and Vidar Holen's shellcheck tin can be used to brand sure that a script does not contain these parts.[56] [57] The list varies depending on the bodily target vanquish: Debian's policy allows some extensions in their scripts (as they are in the dash trounce),[54] while a script intending to support pre-POSIX Bourne shells, like autoconf'southward configure, are even more express in the features they tin can use.[58]

Keyboard shortcuts [edit]

Bash uses readline to provide keyboard shortcuts for command line editing using the default (Emacs) key bindings. Vi-bindings can exist enabled by running set -o vi.[59]

Process management [edit]

The Bash trounce has ii modes of execution for commands: batch, and concurrent manner.

To execute commands in batch (i.e., in sequence) they must be separated by the character ";", or on separate lines:

in this instance, when command1 is finished, command2 is executed.

A groundwork execution of command1 can occur using (symbol &) at the end of an execution command, and process will be executed in background returning immediately control to the shell and allowing continued execution of commands.

Or to have a concurrent execution of 2 command1 and command2, they must be executed in the Fustigate shell in the following way:

In this example command1 is executed in the background & symbol, returning immediately control to the crush that executes command2 in the foreground.

A process can be stopped and control returned to bash by typing Ctrl+z while the process is running in the foreground.[60]

A list of all processes, both in the background and stopped, tin can be achieved past running jobs: 

                        $                        jobs            [1]-  Running                  command1 &            [ii]+  Stopped                  command2

In the output, the number in brackets refers to the chore id. The plus sign signifies the default process for bg and fg. The text "Running" and "Stopped" refer to the Process state. The last string is the command that started the process.

The state of a process can be changed using diverse commands. The fg command brings a process to the foreground, while bg sets a stopped process running in the background. bg and fg can take a job id as their showtime statement, to specify the process to act on. Without one, they utilize the default process, identified by a plus sign in the output of jobs. The impale command can exist used to end a process prematurely, by sending it a bespeak. The chore id must be specified afterward a pct sign:

Conditional execution [edit]

Bash supplies "conditional execution" command separators that make execution of a command contingent on the exit lawmaking set past a precedent command. For example: 

                        cd            "            $SOMEWHERE            "            &&            ./do_something            ||            repeat            "An error occurred"            >&            2

Where ./do_something is merely executed if the cd (change directory) control was "successful" (returned an go out status of zero) and the repeat control would only exist executed if either the cd or the ./do_something command return an "error" (non-zero exit status).

For all commands the exit status is stored in the special variable $?. Fustigate besides supports if ...; then ...; else ...; fi and case $VARIABLE in $pattern )...;; $other_pattern )...;; esac forms of conditional control evaluation.

Bug reporting [edit]

"bashbug" redirects here. For the widely reported September 2014 bug found in Fustigate, see Shellshock (software bug).

An external control called bashbug reports Bash beat out bugs. When the command is invoked, it brings up the user'south default editor with a form to fill in. The form is mailed to the Bash maintainers (or optionally to other email addresses).[61] [62]

Programmable completion [edit]

Bash supports programmable completion via built-in complete, compopt, and compgen commands.[63] The feature has been available since the beta version of 2.04 released in 2000.[64] [65] These commands enable complex and intelligent completion specification for commands (i.due east. installed programs), functions, variables, and filenames.[66]

The complete and compopt ii commands specify how arguments of some bachelor commands or options are going to exist listed in the readline input. Every bit of version 5.i completion of the command or the option is normally activated by the Tab ↹ keystroke later typing its name.[66]

Release history [edit]

Version Release appointment Release notes
bash-v.one 2020-12-07 github version history NEWS [11]
bash-v.0 2019-01-07 [67] [68] [69]
bash-five.0-rc1 2018-12-20
fustigate-5.0-beta2 2018-xi-28
fustigate-5.0-beta 2018-09-17
fustigate-v.0-alpha 2018-05-22
fustigate-4.four 2016-09-15 github version history NEWS v4.4
bash-4.4-rc2 2016-08-22
bash-4.4-rc1 2016-02-24
bash-iv.4-beta2 2016-07-11
bash-4.4-beta 2015-x-12
bash-4.3 2014-02-26
bash-4.2 2011-02-13
fustigate-4.1 2009-12-31
bash-iv.0 2009-02-20
fustigate-4.0-rc1 2009-01-12
bash-3.2 2006-10-11
bash-3.i 2005-12-08
bash-3.0 2004-08-03
bash-two.05b 2002-07-17
bash-ii.05a 2001-eleven-16
bash-2.05 2001-04-09
bash-2.04 2000-03-21
fustigate-two.03 1999-02-nineteen
bash-2.02 1998-04-18
bash-2.01 1997-06-05
bash-2.0 1996-12-31

Encounter besides [edit]

  • Comparison of command shells

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • Hamilton, Naomi (May xxx, 2008). "The A-Z of Programming Languages: Bash/Bourne-Again Shell". Computerworld. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. (interview with GNU Bash'due south maintainer, Chet Ramey)

brownturnis97.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)

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